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The Manifesto of Fascist Intellectuals (''Manifesto degli Intellettuali del Fascismo'', (:maniˈfɛsto deʎʎi intelletˈtwaːli del faʃˈʃizmo)), by the actualist philosopher Giovanni Gentile, formally establishes the political and ideologic foundations of Italian Fascism.〔Jeffrey T. Schnapp (1996). (Fascinating Fascism ). ''Journal of Contemporary History'', Vol. 31, No. 2, Special Issue: The Aesthetics of Fascism (Apr., 1996), pp. 235-244, accessed 4 February 2009.〕 Applying a liberal perspective, it justifies the political violence of the Blackshirt paramilitaries of the National Fascist Party (PNF — ''Partito Nazionale Fascista''), in the revolutionary realisation of Italian Fascism as the authoritarian and totalitarian rėgime of Prime Minister Benito Mussolini, who ruled Italy as ''Il Duce'' ("The Leader"), from 1922 to 1943.〔Giovanni Gentile (1929). ''Origini e dottrina del fascismo''. Rome, 1929, 69 pp., revised 1934, 105 pp.〕〔Giovanni Gentile (1928). "Philosophic Basis of Fascism", ''Foreign Affairs'', vol. 6 (January/February) 1928, pp 290-304.〕 The ''Manifesto'' is the ideological précis of the 29 March 1925 Conference of Fascist Culture, at Bologna. In support of the government of Benito Mussolini, prominent Italian academic and public intellectuals effected the first, formal effort at defining the cultural aspirations of Italian Fascism. As conference Chairman, the Neo-idealist philosopher Gentile publicly proclaimed the alliance between Culture and Fascism, thereby challenging intellectualist critics who questioned the Fascist régime’s cultural respectability. The thesis of the ''Manifesto of Fascist Intellectuals'' bases Fascist revolution upon co-operation between Culture and Politics.〔Philip V. Cannistraro (1972). (Mussolini's Cultural Revolution: Fascist or Nationalist? ) ''Journal of Contemporary History'', Vol. 7, No. 3/4 (Jul. - Oct., 1972), pp. 115-39, accessed 4 February 2009.〕 As a statement of politico-philosophic principles, the ''Manifesto'' derived from the "Fascism and Culture" (''Fascismo e cultura'') lecture Gentile delivered in the "Freedom and Liberalism" (''Libertà e liberalismo'') session of the cultural conference; although officially attended by more than 400 Italian intellectuals, the document bears only 250 signatures.〔Giovanni Gentile (1928). ''Fascismo e cultura''. Milan, 1928.〕 The ''Manifesto'' was first published in ''Il Mondo'' (''The World''), the PNF newspaper, then by most Italian newspapers on 21 April 1925 — the national, anniversary-day celebration of the Founding of Rome (ca. 21 April 753 BC). The publication date’s symbolism was deepened with the contemporary, legal establishment of the celebration of the 21 April ''Natale di Roma'' (''Birth of Rome'') day instead of the imposed International Workers' Day, established by Royal decree in early 1925.〔Emiliana P. Noether (1971). (Italian Intellectuals under Fascism ). ''The Journal of Modern History'', Vol. 43, No. 4 (Dec., 1971), pp. 630-648, accessed 4 February 2009.〕 Many culturally influential Italian public intellectuals signed the ''Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals'', among them: Although not at the Conference of Fascist Culture, the dramaturge and novelist Luigi Pirandello, publicly supported the ''Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals'' with a letter. Whereas the support of Neapolitan poet Di Giacomo provoked Gentile’s falling out with Benedetto Croce, his intellectual mentor,〔Alessandra Tarquini (2005). (The Anti-Gentilians during the Fascist Regime ). ''Journal of Contemporary History'', Vol. 40, No. 4 (Oct., 2005), pp. 637-662, accessed 04 Febr. 2009.〕 who afterwards responded to the Fascist Government’s proclamation with his ''Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals''.〔Jared M. Becker (1983). ( "What We Are Not": Montale's Anti-Fascism Revisited ). ''Italica'', Vol. 60, No. 4 (Winter, 1983), pp. 331-339, accessed 04 Febr. 2009.〕 ==See also== *Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals *Giovanni Gentile 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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